After earning a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Michigan, Melinda Miller became an assistant professor of economics at the United States Naval Academy. Her research focuses on the origins of economic racial inequality in the United States. In particular, she examines how postbellum land policy could have potentially altered the course of American racial economic inequality. Her research addresses this issue by considering the impact of free land on former slaves. Her dissertation on the Cherokee freedmen won the Nevins Prize from the Economic History Association.